Free throws to start overtime---I'm confused!

[BktBallRef]

Kelvin, none of what you posted has anything to do with (b). Look at it:

With the score tied near the expiration of time in the second half (b) shooter A1 is fouled in the act of shooting after time expires.

Time has expired.
The foul occurs after time has expired.
The player is in the act of shooting.
If the player's feet are on the floor and he's in the act of shooting, then the ball has not left his hand, since the act of shooting ends when the ball is clearly in flight.
If the ball has not left his hand, then there is no shot because time has expired.
Therefore, the only way that the player in (b) can be in the act of shooting is if he is an airborne shooter and has not returned to the floor yet.
Otherwise, the foul would be ignore, just as you posted earlier, because the ball would be dead.

The shooter in (b) is airborne. I don't know how else to explain it to you. If you still don't see it, perhaps you can tell me where the player is, where the ball is and how the player can be fouled when the ball is dead and still be in the act of shooting.

Don't try. It's not possible.