Contact above the shoulders

[jeremy341a]

1. Contact with a stationary elbow may be incidental or a common foul.
2. An elbow in movement but not excessive should be an intentional foul.
3. A moving elbow that is excessive can be either an intentional foul or flagrant personal foul.

What is the definition of excessive? Isn't it when the elbow is moving faster than the torso? If so when does #2 ever take place if pivoting with the elbows extended is a stationary elbow? I seen the earlier example of pivioting on one foot or just moving at the waist and don't agree with that interpertation. I feel that when pivoting on one foot you are more apt to come out of your "space" than if you just rotate at the hips.