This question was on the NCAA test. My immediate thought is that the batter is out and the ball is dead the second the catcher touches it. Runners cannot advance and must return. Penalties in baseball are designed to punish the person/team at fault - in this case, the batter.
If the catcher had not caught the ball the result would still be the same, right?
I answered it this way. If it was wrong I'll know in a couple days. Good luck.
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