[greymule]

I pitched long ago. I don't know how many batters I hit, but over the years it had to be dozens. Only once did an umpire keep the batter in the box, and that was on a change-up, a little high and inside, on which the RH batter clearly stood still and let the ball hit him in the left elbow. (He did not lean into the pitch, however.) The batter complained a little, but not much. His coach said nothing.

There were other times in which the batter did not move, but I could tell that he simply froze. That might meet somebody's definition of "didn't make an effort to avoid," but it was obvious that HBP was the correct call.