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FED (properly known as NFHS - National Federation of State High School Associations) makes up the rules for 95% of our state high schools. The individual states choose to adopt FED rules or not.
In regards to FED tests, FED issues the tests nationwide, but each state administers the test the way they want to. There is no cost for the exam specifically (although we have to pay dues to our state annually for each sport we work - $30 per sport).
In regards to FED paying per game - the FED does not pay anybody. Usually (at least in my state), umpires are considered independent contractors and are not employees of the state, or FED for that matter. You are paid by the schools you do games for (or the schools pay your local association, and the association then pays you).
It depends on the area how much you make per game. In my area, we get $60 for V, $50 for JV, and $45 for sub-JV. My state only requires you to pass one umpiring exam at the beginning of your career and you do not have to re-test at all, assuming you are active every year after.
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