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I think A has gained an advantage by having 13 players in a formation. The defense has to be thinking how to cover. Therefore, substitution infraction.
NCAA states it in plain language the amount of time a player when substituted can remain on the field. For NFHS you use common sense, if a replaced player stays on the field for any length of time such that the defense begins to adjust, that is a foul. Consider, what if the defense sensing coverage is inadequate while not realizing the extra player(s) calls timeout. The offense will have gained an advantage.
Play 2. No doubt. Twelve players. However, I would try to coax that player off the field without a penalty, just like the coach who comes out to coach during the measurement.
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