The passer cannot throw a pass from beyond the NZ. The down box is the reference point. If the passers foot/feet are beyond, then the pass is illegal.
It's a tough call to make on a pass thrown from the line judge side of the field especially in a four man game. The flag is usually a late flag in that case.
How much leeway? should be none. The problem to deal with is are the feet beyond the box or not. Whether you toss a flag or drop a bag for a possible flag later, one thing for sure is that flag/bag has to be at the spot of the passers feet or you will make the incorrect call.
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