There are numerous concepts that you mention here. Airborne shooters are still in the act of shooting until they return to the floor. If contact occurs, it may or may not be called unless, as mentioned above, the player is displaced or, more obviously, knocked down. In this case, if the contact occured prior to the player landing, it is a shooting foul and the appropriate number of FT's are awarded.
You also mention contact with the hands and arms during a shot. This is often more of a judgement call. Obvious hard fouls are easy to call. What we look at is the players positions (ref the defense is talked about). If the defense has good position, and uses verticality, there may be contact often time initiated by the offense. A very common no-call. Another thing to remember, the hand, in contact with the ball, is considered part of the ball so, if the ball is blocked and there is contact with the hand that is in contact with the ball, there should be nothing. Then, when there is contact that may or may not be initiated by the offense, we may pass on it if it is in our judgement incidental (a word we use when we miss it).
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