BigJohn:
When considering IG, we often give any benefit of doubt to the QB. Often I can look at a QB's face & tell whether he meant to ground or not. That's something you can't tell from the sideline or the stands -- you just have to be there.
Consider a play with a single receiver on the sideline, and little or no pressure on the QB. If he's covered, the QB may intentionally overthrow him to avoid a possible INT. Did he mean to do it -- quite likely. Does it rise to the level of a foul? -- no.
That's why the rulesmakers put the "referee's judgment" clause into the Case Book.
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