[greymule]

I think "out" is the correct call for all your cases. If the play comes from the foul side of the line, the fielder can use the orange base.

However, the 2001 rule was a bit ambiguous and was clarified for 2002. The 2001 rule said that the fielder can use the orange base "when an errant or missed throw pulls the defensive player into foul ground." It seemed to some people that the rule gave the fielder an extra-long base to use if necessary. However, ASA rewrote the entire section (8-2-M) in 2002 to clarify the point. Apparently, on a throw that pulls the fielder into foul territory, the fielder must catch the ball and then return to the orange base. If he catches it on the orange base, the runner is safe.

It does leave open this possibility: ground ball to F6. Throw is off line. F3 is good enough to know that, though he won't be able to be on the white when he catches the ball, he could catch it and still be on the orange. However, he deliberately pulls his foot off the orange so that he is in foul territory when he catches the throw. Then his stepping on the orange retires the batter. Possible, but somehow I don't think we're going to see it.