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The only officiating experience I have is about 20 games with NIRSA rules Flag Football at the University of Maryland.
The enforcement principles we use, which seem to be the same as in Fed High School ball, correspond to Loose Ball vs. Running Play. It seems, mikesears, that reviewing these principles would be very helpful to you. I will explain them in the simplified terms of my supervisor.
Loose Ball Foul - A foul which occurs in any play in which the ball is loose, prior to the point at which it becomes controlled (or "unloose"). This includes punts, passes, laterals, kickoffs, and anything else you can imagine. A foul occuring in a loose ball play prior to the subsequent controlling of the ball is enforced from the previous spot. An example of this would be defensive holding or in fact any interior line fouls prior to a released pass. After enforcing penalty yarding, down and distance can be established.
Running Play Foul - A foul which occurs in a play where the ball never becomes loose, or a play in which the foul occurs after the ball is again controlled, i.e. during the return or after a reception. These fouls are enforced using the previously described All But One Principle.
Simultaneous with the Snap Fouls - Illegal Motion/Shift, Offsides by the defense. Enforced from the preceding spot, or original line of scrimmage.
Dead Ball Fouls - Fouls which occur when the ball is not "in play", like False Start, Encroachment, Illegal Snap, some Unsportsmanlikes and personal fouls. Assessed from the result of the play. This can be after down and distance have been established if the foul is something like a PF or USC in what NFL officials call "action continuing after the play".
I hope this helps, and more importantly I hope that this all still applies to Fed rules.
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