Ron, your question sounds simple. The answer for 1 & 2 should be "2 bases from where each runner is at the time of the throw". The only exception is if it is a pickoff from the pitcher and if he/she had not stepped off the rubber before throwing to 1st or 3rd (baseball). If the Pitcher was in contact with the rubber, then it is only 1 base.
As for a batted ball, it would be "2 bases from where each runner/batter was as the time of the ball being hit".
Rules sections 7.05 and 6.09. You can go to
www.majorleaguebaseball.com Look for Official
Rules on the left side.
[This message has been edited by DrC. (edited May 04, 2000).]