[greymule]

From the article: Hamermesh, who has studied discrimination at all levels, says that bias is instilled in infancy — much like enduring personality traits such as shyness or high self-esteem — as an essential part of human behavior. "We all have these subconscious preferences for our own group," he says.

Is it any wonder that Hamermesh (the author of the study) came up with the findings he did? Does anybody think that a guy "who has studied discrimination at all levels" is going to find anything other than discrimination everywhere he looks?

Hamermesh assumes that "we all have these subconscious preferences for our own group." On what basis does he make that blanket statement?

Does Hamermesh consider that some umpires might subconsciously favor a pitcher of a different race to assure themselves that they're being fair?

Whenever somebody says, "Studies show . . . ," prepare a shovelful of salt.