Did the runner beat the ball to the bag? Meaning, did the runner attain the base (touch it) prior to the ball arriving? If so, then he is safe, if not, he's out.
You may percieve a grey area where it is difficult to decide, ask yourself, did the defense make the play difficult for you to decide or was it an incredible defensive play. Here are a couple of instances where you can use the fielding to determine the call:
"Easy grounder to infielder, who muffs the ball, picks it up and throws, it's difficult to determine the outcome after the throw, since the defense muffed the play, on this whacker. Safe."
"Difficult grounder that middle infielder makes an incredible stab at, fields it an throws to the bag. Again, it's difficult to determine whether the runner is safe or out. Give the benefit to the defense for making the play. Out."
Otherwise if it's a normal play, nothing out of the ordinary, and it's close, listen to what you hear. Pop..Thud = Out; Thud..Pop = Safe.
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