I respectfully disagree with Brian and Todd.
The Penalty part of the rule says "Penalized if discovered while being violated." Only in Art. 3 (illegal number) does the Penalty say penalized if discovered before the ball becoming live. This is an Article 1 infraction (participate after changing his/her number without reporting to scorers AND an official). The ball becoming live is not applicable here if you read Rule 10.3.1 and its penalty phase.
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