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This is a very open ended question that could be answered simply by "any time the umpire says DEAD BALL!" But more specifically, there are many many reasons a live ball can become dead.
Interference is an immediate dead ball.
Obstruction can be either an immediate or a delayed dead ball, depending on the type and the ruleset.
A blocked ball is a dead ball.
A severe injury COULD be a dead ball (umpire's judgement)
If the umpire calls TIME, it's a dead ball.
I could go on for a long time, but these are likely the more common.
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"Many baseball fans look upon an umpire as a sort of necessary evil to the luxury of baseball, like the odor that follows an automobile." - Hall of Fame Pitcher Christy Mathewson
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