FED 8-4-2r states "the runner is out after at least touching first base, the runner leaves the baseline, obviously abandoning her effort to touch next base." The umpire should call this immediately, no play would have to be made on her. In ASA, she would actually have to enter dead ball territory before she was out. She could be tagged while off of the base for the out.
With regard to your question about the ball being in the circle: if the runner was touching the base when the pitcher had the ball in the circle and then stepped off, she would be immediately out. If the runner never went back to the base then she would not be out until tagged.
--Sam
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