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Here is my answers to your questions, as well as, the restarts. First, the ball is in play since it has broken the plane of the touch-line. So...
1- Spectator catches the ball:
Stop play and then restart play with a drop ball at the spot where the ball was caught. The spectator was an outside agent who interfered with play.
2- Defending player catches the ball:
Stop play and award a direct free kick to the opponents (attacking team) at the spot of the infringement. No caution is needed.
3- Attacking player catches the ball:
Stop play and award a direct free kick to the opponents (defending team) at the spot of the infringement. No caution needed.
4- Defending coach catches the ball:
Stop play and restart with a drop ball at the spot where the ball was caught.. Coach is an outside agent that interfered with play. No caution needed.
5- Defending sub catches the ball:
Stop play and restart with a drop ball at the spot where the ball was caught. The sub is an outside agent that interfered with play.
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