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Stats are very subjective and sometimes inaccurate, especially if the field is not very well marked. Always credit the rusher with the next yard line as long as he is over a line. For example, if he rushes to just over the 20 going toward the 25, and the ball is spotted barely over the 20, you credit to the 21.
To answer your questions:
Losses are taken away from a rusher. If he has a loss of two yards and had rushed for 60 before that play, his total would be 58.
Sacks are credited as rushing yards to a quarterback, so yes, a sack would be negative rushing yards to a QB. That is why many quarterbacks have negative rushing totals.
Penalties are not included -- in your example, the rush would be 5 yards and then 5 penalty yards. Another case is this: Line of scrimmage at 20 going towards 25.
Rusher rushes to the 40. However, a block in the back at the 30 moves the play back to the 20. The rusher is credited with the rush to the spot of the foul, the 30, for a gain of 10. The penalty takes it back to the 20. On a penalty which is enforced from line of scrimmage or behind, no play is recorded for stat purposes.
Hope this helps.
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