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a) is holding (9-2-1c) and possibly a personal foul (9-4-2b).
b) you have what some call a "pancake." It is illegal when prolonged and flagrant, as you described, because it is not a legal blocking technique (2-3-2) and falls under Illegal Personal Contact (9-4-2e), and, therefore, Illegal Blocking (9-3-1c).
c) is not illegal, provided the "slip" is unintentional and not a personal foul (9-4-2c).
d) is most likely a personal foul under 9-4-2b or 9-4-2g. An opponent who is lying on the ground is probably out of the play already.
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