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The proper reasons for the two technicals that you are inquiring about are:
1. 10-3-3 Leave the court for an unauthorized reason
2. 10-2-1+2 A substitute shall not enter the court:
...Without reporting to the scorer.
...Without being beckoned by an official, except between quarters.
Since the penalty specifies that it is one foul for either or both requirements and it is penalized if discovered before the ball becomes live, you friend may have a point about being unable to penalize this during a live ball.
That doesn't mean that the team gets away with it, it just means that you should probably use 10-1-6 "...Have more than five team members participating simultaneously" as your justification for a T during a live ball, clock running situation.
Lastly, please remember that you cannot ever allow a team to play with only four, if they have a fifth available.
Although the Case Book play that you cited does make it seem like the T is for "returning during playing action," it really is for leaving for an unauthorized reason. This is a poorly written Case Book play. I wish the NFHS would change it. If you check in the Rules Book, you will see that there is no mention of returning during playing action, so that can't be the justification for the penalty.
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